The ADC unit converts an analog signal to a digital signal. When a variable voltage is applied to the input terminals it is converted into a digital output. Therefore, a 3-volt input will correspond to binary 11, and 7 volts will correspond to binary 111. A low-frequency AC input signal can be converted into a changing digital value. Use on its own or combined with the DAC to decode back into a stepped analog voltage.

Logic Gates Trainer is a self-training course in basic digital electronics and is the first step to understanding the fundamentals of any computer. It enables the student to understand AND, OR, NOT, NAND & NOR Gates and in the process to make connections. Supplied with user’s manual.

To verify the truth table of 3 input AND gate, OR gate, NAND gate, NOR gate, single input NOT gates, Boolean expressions, and Demorgan’s theorems. Consists of 5V d. c. regulated power supply, 4 push-to-ON switches provided for selecting logic ‘1’ and logic ‘0’, 2 Red LED output indicators, circuit diagram printed for 5 OR, 5 AND, and 4 NOT gates and their respective IC’s placed inside the cabinet and connections brought out at sockets.

An instrumentation amplifier is a switched gain precision operational amplifier. This is used for precise and accurate, low-noise differential signal acquisition. 4mm sockets are used for the input signal. It can be interfaced with a wide range of sensors. It can take small voltage changes from a sensor and make those changes large enough to be measured using CRO. It is not able to drive a low-impedance load such as a loudspeaker or relay. The output can be read on CRO. A digital multimeter may also be used to read the output. With the switched gain of 5 to 1000, it can handle signal inputs over a very wide range making it suitable for almost all applications.

Trainer consisting of Power Supply of +5 V, ± 12 V, each of 250 mA, Silicon, Germanium diodes, Zeners, PNP and NPN Transistors, FET, One speaker, 12 different values of carbon film resistances of ¼ W, ½ W, and 1 watt. 12 assorted values of capacitors from 100 PF to 1000 μF, Integrated Circuit (IC) Base and IC 74LS00 1 No. each. LED, LDR, Photodiode, Solar Cell Logic Switches (4 No.) and LED Indicators (4 No.), etc., 2 mm Interconnection Leads -10 No. and Comprehensive User’s Manual.

Objective: To construct an optical transmitter and transmission the signal through a Fiber Optics Cable. To construct an Optical Receiver and study the Attenuation of Signal when transmitted from Transmitter to the Receiver end. Analog and Digital links can also be studied as this unit is complete with Sine and Square Waves. Bending losses can also be studied.

Features: The instrument comprises of Microphone Preamplifier stages consisting of MIC (Microphone), Preamplifier, and Amplifier (Voice is converted to an electrical signal and then amplified) and fed to an LED (Transmitter) and then through a fiber cable, the signal is sent to Photodetector (Transistor) and again amplifier and output are sent to Speaker Unit. A power supply of +6 VDC is used in Amplifier ckt. 2 No. Fiber Optics cables are provided (one of them is 50 cm long and the other is 100 cm long). One more fiber cable of 50mm length having a connector at one end is also provided. Connectors at both ends of the fiber cable are provided for insertion in sockets provided on the front panel. Bending losses can also be studied in long wires.

Standard: MIC with a 2-meter long lead and a Speaker 4″, 4 ohms are mounted in a vertical box.

Accuracy: with 1 meter-long connecting leads. 2 No. Fiber optic cables having lengths of 50 cm and 100 cm are provided.

Optional: Digital multimeter (3 1/2 Digit, Big size Display) This model also includes a Digital Multimeter and wooden frame for measurement of Numerical aperture i.e. complete in all respect including the facility for the measurement of numerical aperture.